“All Hazards” - More than Disaster Preparedness
In the years since 9/11, those in disaster planning, preparation, education, response and recovery have concentrated all their effort on convincing private healthcare corporations and non-healthcare corporations alike to adopt an all hazards approach to adversity and disaster.
Perhaps because 9/11 and anthrax were the impetus for the funding of this push, corporate America has associated this large expense with what they believe to be an unlikely threat, terrorism. The 2004 2005 hurricane seasons gave the southeastern regions of the United States a clear focus for disaster preparedness in the forms of hurricanes Charlie, Francis, Ivan, Jeanne, Katrina, Rita and Wilma. Unfortunately with this focus came a tendency to prepare for hurricanes, certainly not an all hazards
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The simple fact missed by all but a very few in the disaster community and even fewer in the disaster planning, preparation, education, response and recovery industry is that the word disaster does not belong in the title. We are not a disaster community, nor are we in the disaster planning, preparation, education and recovery industry; rather we are the All Hazards planning, preparation, education and recovery community.
Before you assume this is simply a matter of semantics, think about what we seek to accomplish. Our All Hazards community does not just seek to prepare for the possible of a terrorist attack or a natural disaster, we seek to
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This is not a new concept. The practice of vulnerability analysis and risk assessment is well established in many safety sensitive industries and in the military. The Institutes of Medicine first applied this practice to the healthcare industry in the 1999 To Err Is Human report. Far from a treatise on disaster preparation, To Err is Human was the warning siren that brought the issues of patient safety
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Although voluminous, the main thrust of To Err is Human was to review the lack of reporting systems and fail safes in the healthcare system as a whole and to correlate the current state of safety in healthcare to that of other industries. To Err is Human goes to great lengths to detail public-private safety efforts, but overall the report proposes the groundwork and a justification for governmental intervention and federal regulation of healthcare safety and by implication, healthcare quality/certification.
If this sounds a lot like the trio of 2006 Institute of Medicine reports on the state of Emergency Medicine and disaster preparedness, it is very similar. The 2006 reports when
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There are a number of advantages to this expanded All Hazards approach to safety, planning and preparedness. The greatest of these is the integration of patient safety initiatives and disaster preparedness training allowing healthcare professionals to practice disaster preparation skills as part of their daily routine. This has applications in team building, triage, safety reviews, command structures, patient throughput and literally every aspect of hospital operations.
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All Hazards training also creates the common safety investment that the To Err is Human states is missing from healthcare, but common to such industries as air travel and railroads (pilots and engineers share the same safety investment as passengers). Those who have received All Hazards training come to understand and internalize that reality that any risk that exists for a patient
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Finally, recognizing patient safety issues and all the other safety issues in healthcare as hazards under an All Hazards approach will result in better success in achieving both sets of goals. Patient safety initiatives celebrate their seventh anniversary this year, but even the CEO of the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) admits that medication error and wrong site surgery have grown exponentially in that time. Despite a virtually limitless budget and the best efforts of the best minds in patient safety, healthcare has not gotten better, it has gotten more dangerous.
At the same time, the past five years has seen hospital and healthcare disaster preparedness change
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Dealing with patient risks, medication errors and surgical mishaps as another category of hazards under an all encompassing All Hazards approach promises to solve the problems for both programs. Patient safety will benefit from the proven efficacy of an All Hazards approach designed specifically to mitigate multifactorial risk while All Hazards training
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The only question remaining is whether those who have made their careers in patient safety as it has been practiced for the past seven years are prepared to adopt a broader view of the world and whether the All Hazards community is ready to be truly All Hazards in their approach.
Dr. Maurice A. Ramirez is co-founder of Disaster Life Support of North America, Inc., a national provider of Disaster Preparation, Planning, Response and Recovery education. Through his consulting firm High Alert, LLC., he serves on expert panels for pandemic preparedness and healthcare surge planning with Congressional and Cabinet Members. Board
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